Molecular Formula | C47H73NO17 |
Molar Mass | 924.08 |
Density | 1.34 |
Melting Point | >170°C |
Boling Point | 804.34°C (rough estimate) |
Specific Rotation(α) | D24 +333° (acidic DMF); -33.6° (0.1N methanolic HCl) |
Flash Point | 643.47°C |
Water Solubility | <0.1 g/100 mL at 21 ºC |
Solubility | DMSO:22 mg/ml; Slightly soluble in dimethylformamide; Very slightly soluble in methanol; Insoluble in water, absolute ethanol, chloroform or ether. |
Vapor Presure | 0mmHg at 25°C |
Appearance | Yellow to orange powder |
Color | yellow |
Merck | 13,590 |
BRN | 78342 |
pKa | pKa ~5.7(DMF/H2O) (Uncertain) |
Storage Condition | 2-8°C |
Stability | Stable, but may be light sensitive. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. |
Sensitive | Moisture & Light Sensitive |
Refractive Index | 1.5280 (estimate) |
MDL | MFCD00877763 |
Physical and Chemical Properties | Light yellow to orange-yellow needle-like crystals or powders. Insoluble in water and ethanol, soluble in acidic DMF and DMSO, slightly soluble in DMF, acidic or alkaline aqueous lower alcohols. Odorless, almost tasteless. Easily damaged by light, heat and acid. |
Use | For antifungal |
Risk Codes | R36/37/38 - Irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin. R22 - Harmful if swallowed R40 - Limited evidence of a carcinogenic effect R23/24/25 - Toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. |
Safety Description | S26 - In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. S36/37/39 - Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection. S45 - In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label whenever possible.) S36 - Wear suitable protective clothing. S60 - This material and its container must be disposed of as hazardous waste. S37 - Wear suitable gloves. |
UN IDs | UN 1759 8/PG 3 |
WGK Germany | 3 |
RTECS | BU2625000 |
FLUKA BRAND F CODES | 8-10-21 |
HS Code | 29419090 |
Hazard Class | 6.1(b) |
Packing Group | III |
Toxicity | LD50 in mice (mg/kg): 88 i.p., 4 i.v. (Keim) |
Reference Show more | 1. Hao Xiaokang, Li Yule, Yue Congcong, et al. Inhibitory effect of hibiscus acetic acid on Candida albicans biofilm [J]. Chinese Journal of Microecology, 2018, 030(003):279-282. 2. Yue Suijuan, Liu Jian, Gong Jiashun. Effect of Pu'er Tea Tea Brown on Intestinal Flora of Rats [J]. Tea Science, 2016, 36(3):261-267. 3. Zou Xuesu, Ji Naiyun. Chemical Constituents and Biological Activities of Trichoderma longicum DL5-4 from Stematococcus pineculae [J]. Chemistry and Bioengineering, 2019, 36(03):18-22. |
The titer shall not be less than 850 amphotericin B units per lmg calculated on a dry basis.
take the product 3% suspension, according to the determination (General 0631),pH value should be 4.0~6.0.
new system for clinical use. Take an appropriate amount of this product, precision weighing, put it in a brown measuring flask, add dimethylformamide to dissolve and quantitatively dilute to make a solution containing about 0.8mg per lml, take an appropriate amount of precision, use diluent [N,N-dimethylformamide-water (1:1)] quantitatively diluted to prepare a solution containing about 80ug per 1 ml, as a test solution; In addition, take an appropriate amount of amphotericin B control, put it in a brown measuring flask, add N,N-dimethylformamide to dissolve and quantitatively dilute to make a solution containing about 0.8mg per 1 ml, quantitative dilution with the above diluent is made into a solution containing about 0.8ug per 1 ml, which is used as a reference solution for 383mn detection, A solution containing about 0.08ug per 1ml was prepared as a sensitivity solution by quantitative dilution with the above diluent. According to the high performance liquid chromatography (General rule 0512) test, using eighteen alkyl silane bonded silica gel as filler (4.6mm X, um or performance-equivalent column mobile phase A was acetonitrile-phosphoric acid solution (pH 1.00±0.05)(300:700), mobile phase B was acetonitrile-phosphoric acid solution (pH 1.00±0.05)(500:500), perform linear gradient elution according to the following table, and adjust the proportion of mobile phase to make the retention time of amphotericin B between 25 and 30 minutes if necessary; The flow rate is ml per minute and the column temperature is 25°C; the detection wavelength was 303nm and 383nm. Take about 8mg of amphotericin B, put it in a 50ml brown measuring flask, add 5ml of N ,N-dimethylformamide to dissolve it, dilute it to the mark with methanol, add 0.1ml of hydrochloric acid, shake it well, and place it for 1 hour, take 5ml and put it in a 10ml measuring flask, dilute it to scale with water, shake it well, take 100ul and inject it into human liquid chromatograph, detect it at 383nm, record chromatogram, the degree of separation between the impurity C peak and the impurity B peak should meet the requirements. The sensitive solution lool was injected into human liquid chromatograph, and the chromatogram was recorded at 383nm. The high signal-to-noise ratio of the main component chromatographic peak should be greater than 10. 100 u1 of the test solution and the reference solution were respectively injected into the human liquid chromatograph, and the chromatograms were recorded. If there are impurity peaks in the chromatogram of the test solution obtained by 303mn detection, the peak area of impurity A (relative retention time is about 0.75) shall not be more than 0.5 times (2.0%) of the peak area of amphotericin B (for injection), the Peak area of impurity A shall not be more than 1.25 times (5.0%) of the peak area of amphotericin B (for non-injection), and the peak area of other individual impurities shall not be more than 0.25 times (1.0%) of the peak area of amphotericin B; the peak less than 0.025 times the peak area of amphotericin B in the chromatogram of the test solution is negligible (0. L%); if there are impurity peaks in the chromatogram of the test solution obtained by 383mn detection, according to the external standard method, the main peak area of the reference solution shall be calculated, and the sum of impurity B and impurity D shall not exceed 4.0%, and other individual impurity peaks shall not exceed 2.0%, the peaks in the chromatogram of the test solution which are smaller than the main peak area of the sensitivity solution are ignored. The total amount of impurities detected at 303nm and 383nm shall not exceed 15.0%.
take this product, with phosphorus pentoxide as desiccant, at 60°C under reduced pressure drying to constant weight, weight loss should not exceed 5.0% (General rule 0831).
measured by high performance liquid chromatography (General 0512).
silica gel bonded with eighteen alkyl silane was used as filler; Acetonitrile-phosphoric acid solution (pH 1.00±0.05) (370:630) was used as mobile phase; Flow rate was 0.8ml per minute; the column temperature was 25°C and the detection wavelength was 383nm. Take amphotericin B reference solution 10u1 injection of human liquid chromatography, record chromatogram, amphotericin B peak and adjacent impurity peak separation degree should meet the requirements.
new system for clinical use. Take an appropriate amount of this product, precision weighing, put it in a brown measuring flask, add N, N-dimethylformamide to dissolve and quantitatively dilute to make a solution containing about 0.8mg per 1ml, take 1ml for precision measurement, in a 10ml brown measuring flask, dilute to the scale with N, N-dimethylformamide-water (1:1), shake well, as a test solution, take 10u1 injection liquid chromatograph, record chromatogram; Take appropriate amount of amphotericin B reference substance, set it in brown measuring flask, add N, N-dimethylformamide is dissolved and diluted quantitatively to make a solution containing about 0.8mg per 1ml. Take 1ml accurately, put it in a 10ml brown measuring flask, and use N, N-dimethylformamide-water (1:1). Diluted to the scale, shake, as a control solution, the same method. According to the external standard method to calculate the peak area, that is. Each 1 mg of C47H73N017 is equivalent to 1049 amphotericin B units.
antifungal drugs.
shading, sealing, cold storage.
This product is amphotericin B and sodium deoxycholate plus appropriate phosphate buffer made of sterile lyophilized product. The amphotericin B(C47H73N017) content shall be between 90.0% and 110.0% of the labeled amount based on the average loading.
This product is yellow to orange loose blocks or powder.
In the chromatogram recorded under the content determination item, the retention time of the main peak of the test solution should be consistent with the retention time of the main peak of the control solution.
The content under the item of loading amount difference was accurately weighed and an appropriate amount was measured according to the method for measuring the Amphotericin B content, and the content was obtained.
Same as amphotericin B.
(l)5mg(5000 units) (2)25mg (25,000 units)(3)50mg (50,000 units)
shading, closed, cold preservation.
polyene antifungal antibiotic | amphotericin B, also known as lushan mycin, is a polyene antifungal antibiotic isolated from the culture solution of streptomyces (Streptomycesnodosus). it is the same substance as lushan mycin produced by actinomycetes isolated from Lushan soil in Jiangxi province in 1974, it has a significant antibacterial effect on the new Cryptococcus, Dermatitis, Brasilium, Histoplasma capsulata, Laterospora Schenck, Candida albicans and several Nocardia. MIC is generally 0.2~0.5 μg/ ml. The molecular composition of amphotericin B is a macrolide containing 7 pairs of conjugated double bonds as the ligand and a deoxyhexosamine (mycosamine) as the glycosaminose group, which is connected by glycosidic bonds. There is an amino group and a carboxyl group on the structure, so it is an amphoteric substance. The appearance is yellow or orange-yellow powder, odorless or almost odorless, tasteless, hygroscopic, easy to be destroyed and ineffective in sunlight. Gradually decompose above 170 ℃ and unstable at 37 ℃;. Dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide, slightly soluble in dimethylformamide, slightly soluble in methanol, and insoluble in water, absolute ethanol, chloroform or ether. Salt can be formed in neutral or acidic medium. Its water solubility increases but its antibacterial activity decreases. Its deoxycholate complex is a light yellow powder, which can form a colloidal solution in water for injection. this product can maintain stable performance for a long time under dry, dark and cold storage conditions, but its aqueous solution should not exceed 24 hours at room temperature, and can only be stored for one week at 4 ℃. The antibacterial effect is strongest at pH6.0 ~ 7.5, but weakens at low pH. Its antibacterial mechanism is that it can combine with ergosterol on the fungal cell membrane, resulting in cell membrane damage, increased permeability, and death of intracellular substances. Bacteria are ineffective because their cell membranes do not contain ergosterol components. This product is not easily absorbed by oral administration, and the effective blood concentration can be maintained for more than 24 hours after intravenous drip. It is not easy to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. Amphotericin B is effective for almost most fungi, drug-resistant strains are rare, and the price is low, which makes it still show high practical value in clinical application for more than 40 years. However, due to its obvious nephrotoxicity and infusion-related toxicity (such as fever, chills, nausea, etc.), the popularization and application of Amphotericin B has been greatly restricted. In order to reduce adverse reactions, three liposomal dosage forms of amphotericin B have been developed abroad in recent years: amphotericin B liposome, amphotericin B liposome complex (ABLC) and amphotericin B colloidal dispersant (ABCD). Research data show that these three dosage forms of drugs can significantly reduce the toxicity of amphotericin B while ensuring antifungal activity, especially the incidence of nephrotoxicity, which not only improves the tolerance of patients, but also ensures the efficacy of drugs. |
pharmacokinetics | malabsorption and instability through the gastrointestinal tract. At the beginning of treatment, amphotericin B 1~5mg was injected intravenously every day, and then gradually increased to a peak blood concentration of 2~4mg/L at 0.65 mg/kg per day. The half-life of blood elimination is about 24 hours. The protein binding rate is 91% ~ 95%. The drug concentration in pleural fluid, ascites and synovial cavity fluid is usually lower than half of the blood drug concentration in the same period, and the drug concentration in bronchial secretions is also low. This product has the highest concentration in kidney tissue, followed by liver, spleen, adrenal gland, lung, thyroid, heart, skeletal muscle, pancreas, etc. This product is slowly excreted through the kidneys in the body. About 2% ~ 5% of the dosage is excreted as a prototype every day, and 40% of the dosage is excreted from urine within 7 days. After stopping the drug, it is excreted from the urine for at least 7 weeks, and the excretion of the drug in alkaline urine increases. This product is not easy to remove for dialysis. Information is organized by editors. |
indications | amphotericin B is the first choice for deep fungal infection and has a wide antifungal spectrum. It has an inhibitory effect on Cryptococcus, Coccidioides, Candida albicans, blastomycetes, etc., and has a bactericidal effect at high concentrations. It is an effective drug for the treatment of deep fungal infections. The main clinical indications are as follows: ① Treatment of cryptococcosis, North American blastomycosis, disseminated candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis. ② Treatment of mucormycosis caused by Rhizopus, Plough Mould, Endopyces and Frog Fecal Mould. ③ Treatment of sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix schenckii. ④ Treatment of aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus fumigus. ⑤ The external preparation is suitable for chromomycosis, skin fungal infection after burns, respiratory tract Candida, Aspergillus or Cryptococcus infection, and fungal corneal ulcer. |
adverse reactions | 1. chills, high fever, severe headache, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, blood pressure drop, dizziness, etc. occur during or after intravenous drip. 2. Almost all patients can have different degrees of renal function damage during the course of treatment. In the urine, red blood cells, white blood cells, protein and casts, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine increase, creatinine clearance decrease, and can also cause renal tubular acidosis. 3. Hypokalemia is caused by a large amount of potassium ions in urine. 4. The blood system toxicity has normal erythrocyte anemia, and occasionally leukopenia or thrombocytopenia. 5. Hepatotoxicity is rare, which can cause liver cell necrosis and acute liver failure. 6. Cardiovascular system reaction such as intravenous drip too fast can cause ventricular fibrillation or cardiac arrest. In addition, electrolyte disturbance caused by amphotericin B can also lead to arrhythmia. This product is prone to thrombophlebitis when administered intravenously. 7. Nervous system toxicity, intrathecal injection of this product can cause severe headache, fever, vomiting, neck stiffness, lower limb pain and urinary retention, etc. In severe cases, lower limb paraplegia can occur. 8. Allergic reactions such as anaphylactic shock and rash occasionally occur. |
drug interaction | 1, adrenocortical hormone, these drugs can be used together to control the adverse drug reaction of amphotericin B, but it is generally not recommended to use both at the same time, because it can aggravate hypokalemia induced by amphotericin B. If it is necessary to use the minimum dose and the shortest course of treatment for adrenal cortex hormones, and the patient's blood potassium concentration and cardiac function need to be monitored. 2. Digitalis glycoside, hypokalemia caused by this product can enhance the potential toxicity of digitalis. Blood potassium concentration and heart function should be closely monitored when both are used together. 3. Fluorocytosine and amphotericin B have a synergistic effect, but this product can increase the uptake of the former by cells and damage its renal excretion, thereby enhancing the toxic reaction of fluorocytosine. 4. This product has antagonistic effects in vitro with pyrrole antifungal drugs such as ketoconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, etc. 5, aminoglycosides, anti-tumor drugs, capreomycin, polymyxin, vancomycin and other nephrotoxic drugs can enhance their nephrotoxicity when used with this product. 6. Bone marrow inhibitors, radiotherapy, etc. can aggravate anemia in patients, and amphotericin B should be combined to reduce its dose. 7. The hypokalemia induced by this product can strengthen the effect of neuromuscular blockers. The blood potassium concentration should be monitored when the two are the same. 8. The application of urine alkalizing drugs can enhance the excretion of this product and prevent or reduce the possibility of renal tubular acidosis. |
amphotericin B liposome | the effective component of amphotericin B liposome is amphotericin B, and its cholesterol component can enhance the stability of the drug, so that amphotericin B can retain the maximum content in the hydrophobic layer as much as possible, reduce the binding with cholesterol in human cell membranes and enhance the binding to ergosterol of fungal cells, so as to exert the maximum bactericidal ability of amphotericin B. Its mechanism of action is the same as amphotericin B, which is combined with sterols (mainly ergosterol) on the fungal cell membrane to increase membrane permeability and important substances in the cell (such as potassium ions, nucleotides and amino acids) Etc.) leakage, leading to fungal cell death. amphotericin B liposome currently has three main dosage forms: (1) amphotericin B lipid complex (interwoven with liposome and amphotericin B). (2) amphotericin B lipid body (composed of amphotericin B wrapped by liposome). (3) amphotericin B colloidal dispersion (mixed with cholesterol sulfate and the same amount of amphotericin B). These lipid preparations are mostly distributed in reticuloendothelial tissues (such as liver, spleen and lung tissue) in the body, reducing the distribution of drugs in renal tissues, thereby reducing the nephrotoxicity of amphotericin B. In addition, the blood creatinine value is increased, hypokalemia is also rare, and the toxicity related to intravenous drip is also significantly lower than amphotericin B. Therefore, amphotericin B liposomes both retain the high antibacterial activity of amphotericin B and reduce its toxicity. This product has good antibacterial effect on Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, yeast, Aspergillus, Coccidiodium, Histoplasma, Blastoma dermatitis, Blastoma brasiliensis, Sporothrix, etc.; but it is not active on bacteria, Rickettsiae and viruses. Some Aspergillus are resistant to this drug; skin and Trichophyton are mostly resistant. |
chemical properties | light yellow to orange needle crystal or powder. Insoluble in water and ethanol, soluble in acidic DMF and DMSO, slightly soluble in DMF, acidic or alkaline aqueous lower alcohols. Odorless, almost tasteless. Easily damaged by light, heat and acid. |
use | the product has a strong inhibitory or killing effect on various fungal infections, such as Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans, Histoplasma capsulata, Dodontophytes dermatitis, Sporothrix schenckii, Mucor and Coccidioides. This product is mainly used as the first choice for deep mycosis. Amphotericin B is a polyene antifungal drug. This product is combined with sterols on the fungal cell membrane, which damages the permeability of the membrane, causes the leakage of potassium ions, nucleotides, amino acids, etc. in the bacterial cells, destroys the normal metabolism and has a antibacterial effect. |
production method | using Streptomyces artemisis strain as the strain, aerated submerged fermentation is carried out in a liquid medium containing carbohydrates and organic nitrogen sources, and amphotericin is extracted from the fermentation broth when the equivalent titer unit is reached. Amphotericin contains two components: A and B. Component A has little toxicity and weak antifungal effect. It is not used in clinic. Component B has strong effect and is called amphotericin B. |
category | toxic substances |
toxicity classification | highly toxic |
acute toxicity | vein-rat LD50: 11.3 mg/kg; abdominal cavity-mouse LD50: 27.74 mg/kg |
flammability hazard characteristics | flammability; toxic nitrogen oxide smoke generated by heat |
storage and transportation characteristics | warehouse ventilation and low temperature drying |
fire extinguishing agent | dry powder, foam, sand, carbon dioxide |
EPA chemical substance information | The information is: ofmpub.epa.gov provides (external link) |
toxic substance data | The information is: pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Provide (external link) |